Did Israel not know? (μη Ισραελ ουκ εγνω?). "Did Israel fail to know?" See above.

First (πρωτος). Moses first before any one else. LXX quotation Deuteronomy 32:21. See on 1 Corinthians 10:22 for παραζηλωσω (I will provoke you to jealousy).

With that which is no nation (επ' ουκ εθνε). The Jews had worshipped "no-gods" and now God shows favours to a "no-nation" (people).

Will I anger you (παροργιω υμας). Future active (Attic future) of παροργιζω, rare word, to rouse to wrath.