Grace to you and peace (χαρις υμιν κα ειρηνη). As in I Thess., II Thess., I Cor., II Cor (already written). and in all the later Epistles save that in I and II Timothy "mercy" is added. But this customary salutation (see on 1. Thessalonians 1:1) is not a perfunctory thing with Paul. He uses it here even when he has so much fault to find just as he did in I and II Corinthians.